Allwood Group strives to be an industry innovator in placing products, people and planet above profit. As a part of ongoing efforts to demonstrate our commitment to those values Allwood presents this and future Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) for our entire catalog of hardwood and bamboo flooring products. The EPD includes Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results for all materials and processes that go into making an Allwood floor, ready to install into the home.

Allwood—as a company—wants to leave the world a little better than we’ve found it by being good stewards of the resources we use and conscientious of what we are leaving behind as well. This EPD reflects our desire to know every aspect of the products we make, and to have complete transparency of their impact on the environment.

You can learn more about the ways Allwood is trying to make a difference at https://www.allwoodgrp.com

The intended application of this life cycle assessment (LCA) is to comply with the procedures for creating a Type III Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) and publish the EPD for public review on the website, https://www.p3optima.com. This level of study is in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) for Flooring published by UL Environment entitled, ‘Guidance for Building-Related Products and Services, Part B: Flooring EPD Requirements’; International Standards Organization (ISO) 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations, Type III environmental declarations-Principles and procedures; ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment- Requirements and guidelines; and ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment-Principles and framework. The performance of this study and its subsequent publishing is in alignment with the business-to-business (B2B) communication requirements for the environmental assessment of building products. The study does not intend to support comparative assertions and is intended to be disclosed to the public.

This project report was commissioned to differentiate Allwood Group, LLC from their competition for the following reasons: generate an advantage for the organization; offer customers information to help them make informed product decisions; improve the environmental performance of Allwood Group, LLC by continuously measuring, controlling and reducing the environmental impacts of their products; help project facilitators working on Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects achieve their credit goal; and to strengthen Allwood Group, LLC’s license to operate in the community. The intended audience for this LCA report is Allwood Group, LLC’s employees, their suppliers, project specifiers of their products, architects, and engineers. The EPD report is also available for policy makers, government officials interested in sustainability, academic professors, and LCA professionals. This LCA report does not include product comparisons from other facilities.

This EPD studies the lifecycle environmental impacts of engineered hardwood flooring manufactured by Allwood Group at their manufacturing facility located in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China. There are 22 engineered flooring products developed in this facility which have a thickness of 14mm and width ranging from 120mm to 220mm. These engineered flooring products constitute of a base ply and a hardwood top layer laminated together using resin. Allwood Group offers numerous engineered flooring options to homeowners, builders, architects and interior designers to furnish their indoor spaces with top quality, FloorScore compliant engineered flooring. This EPD explores 22 such products which consist of a Eucalyptus base ply and four different hardwood species: American Walnut, American Hickory, Short-Leaf Acacia and European Oak. A brief description about these hardwood species is provided below:

American Walnut: American Walnut is an easily worked, close-grained wood and has long been prized by furniture- and cabinet makers for its attractive color and exceptional durability. Found in Eastern United States and Canada, the American (black) walnut when grown in open reaches 75’ tall with a round, low branching, open crown that spreads nearly as wide as it is tall. In forests and plantations, the tree may reach 150’ tall with a well-formed trunk. The American walnut wood has a rich brown lustrous heartwood with a grain pattern that categorizes itself in between grainy woods like oak and uniform textured woods such maple and poplar.

American Hickory: Also known as Pignut Hickory, it is the hardest and strongest of woods native to the United States. It tends to have a light to medium brown heartwood, with a reddish hue and a paler yellowish-brown sapwood. It has a medium texture, with open, medium-sized pores.

Short Leaf Acacia: Not to be confused with the much more commercially popular and common koa (Acacia koa), from the island of Hawaii. Short- Leaf Acacia (Formosan koa) is a slightly heavier and more obscure wood found in forests of Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands. It’s a fast-growing, relatively short-lived (~40 years) tree with height ranging from 40-60 feet and width around 30 feet. It has traditionally been used to build support beams for underground mines, charcoal for food and medicine in Taiwanese culture.

European Oak: Widely grown and available in Europe, the European Oak has been rated as having very good resistance to decay and is commonly used in boatbuilding and flooring applications. The wood generally displays a darker tone with a naturally rich and warm golden-brown colour and has straight grain, with a coarse, uneven texture. European oak is considered hard, heavy and strong and is less likely to expand and contract to a noticeable extent when combined with a strong, engineered core.

This EPD reports the impacts for different engineered wood flooring products in accordance with the following standards depending on the final product and region:
• ANSI/HPVA EF 2020: This Standard establishes nationally recognized requirements for commercially available engineered wood flooring.
• FloorScore®: A recognized indoor air quality (IAQ) certification standard for hard surface flooring materials, adhesives, and underlayments.
The manufacturing process for engineered wood flooring included sourcing of logs of hardwood and Eucalyptus to the processing facility in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang, China. The logs were de-barked, and veneers were sliced using on-site machinery. The waste (bark and slab wood) was sent to the woodchipper to be chipped and to be used as a fuel for the boiler. The sliced veneers were then dried using a mesh belt dryer before being pasted together to form plywood. The hardwood layer was then glued to the top of the plywood. The pre-finished engineered wood flooring was then finished by trimming the edges, sanding, filling the knots, painting, or fuming and polishing with various coatings before being packaged in carboard boxes and shipping to the customers in the USA.
Allwood Group products are usually installed in indoor spaces such as homes and apartments. The installation, maintenance, repair, and refurbishment of these products is dependent on several site condition factors such as type of sub-floor, condition of sub-floor, moisture content, average humidity in the area, etc. There are mainly 3 types of installations for engineered wood flooring – Glue down, Nailed and Floating methods and the machines or processes required for each of these methods are greatly varied. Hence, no single method could be preferred without visiting the building site. The instruction manual provided by the seller or the NWFA guidelines for Installation (NWFA 2019) should be read carefully before attempting to install the flooring.

Performance and Test Method Requirements:
Table 1: Allwood engineered wood flooring meets or exceeds the performance requirements set forth in ANSI/HPVA EF 2020: American National Standard for Engineered Wood Flooring.

This LCA assumes the impacts from products manufactured in accordance with the standards outlined in this report. This LCA is a cradle-to-grave study.

The following tables provide a list of the engineered wood flooring products considered in this EPD along with key performance parameters.
Table 2: Declared products considered in this EPD.

The following table provides a list of the raw material inputs (module A1) across all products considered, their recyclability content and assumed material losses.
Table 3: Module A1 raw material inputs, the recyclability content and assumed material losses (dry basis).

The following figure depicts the cradle-to-grave system boundary considered in this study:

Figure 1: General life cycle phases for consideration in a construction works system

This is a Cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment and the following life cycle stages are included in the study:

• A1: Raw material supply (upstream processes) – Extraction, handling, and processing of the materials used in manufacturing the declared products in this LCA.

• A2: Transportation – Transportation of A1 materials from the supplier to the “gate” of the manufacturing facility (i.e. A3).

• A3: Manufacturing (core processes)- The energy and other utility inputs used to store, move, and manufacturer the declared products and to operate the facility.

• A4: Product plant gate-to-site of use logistics

• A5: Product at-site installation requirements

• B: Product use phase requirements and direct emissions (if applicable)

• C: Product end-of-life requirements

As according to the PCR, the following figure illustrates the general activities and input requirements for producing engineered wood flooring products and is not necessarily exhaustive.

Figure 2: General system inputs considered in the product system and categorized by modules in scope

In addition, as according to the relevant PCR, the following requirements are excluded from this study:

• Production, manufacture and construction of A3 building/capital goods and infrastructure.

• Production and manufacture of steel production equipment, steel delivery vehicles, earthmoving equipment, and laboratory equipment.

• Personnel-related activities (travel, furniture, office supplies).

• Energy use related to company management and sales activities.

For this LCA the manufacturing plant, owned and operated by Allwood Group, LLC, is located at their Jiaxing City facility in Zhejiang Province, China. All operating data is formulated using the actual data from Allwood Group, LLC’s plant at the above location, including water, energy consumption and waste generation. All inputs for this system boundary are calculated for the plant.

This life cycle inventory was organized in a spreadsheet and was then input into an RStudio environment where pre-calculated LCIA results for relevant products/activities stemming from the ecoinvent v3.6 database and a local EPD database in combination with primary data from Allwood Group, LLC were utilized. Explanations of the contribution of each data source to this study are outlined in the section ‘Data Sources and Quality’. Further LCI details for each declared product are provided in the sections ‘Detailed LCI tables’ and ‘Transport tables’ of the detailed LCA report. A parameter uncertainty analysis was also performed where key statistical results (e.g., min/mean/max etc.) are provided in the detailed LCA report.

No known flows are deliberately excluded from this EPD.

Table 4: Transportation to the building site (A4):

Table 5: Installation into the building (A5):

Table 6: Reference Service Life:

Table 7: Maintenance (B2):

Table 8: Refurbishment (B5):

Table 9: End of Life (C1-C4):

ISO 14044:2006 and the focus PCR requires the LCA model to contain a minimum of 95% of the total inflows (mass and energy) to the upstream and core modules be included in this study. The cut-off criteria were applied to all other processes unless otherwise noted above as follows. A 1% cut-off is considered for all renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption and the total mass of inputs within a unit process where the total of the neglected inputs does not exceed 5%.

Table 10: Recovered on-site energy resources either utilized on-site or off-site.

Table 11: Reused or recycled components/materials at the A3 facility site.

The following statements explain how the above facility requirements/generation were derived:

• Raw material transport: The facility is situated in Jiaxing City, about 100 km from Shanghai in Zhejiang Province in China. The facility sources wet logs of European Oak and Eucalyptus

from France and Nanning, China respectively. European logs are shipped to the port of Shanghai and are transported to Jiaxing City using trucks. Sawn and dried Veneers of American Walnut, American Hickory and Short-Leaf Acacia are purchased from an existing market in Jiaxing and transported to the facility using small trucks. Through the sources at facility, it is known that American Walnut logs and American Hickory logs were imported from the USA and Short-Leaf Acacia from Taiwan before being sawn into veneers and purchased by the facility. Hence, these transportation distances have been accounted for in this EPD. Various chemicals used for painting and finishing are manufactured by PPG Industries in Tianjin, China or locally bought from Jiaxing City or Shanghai and transported to the facility using medium size trucks. • Electricity: The majority of the facility operations (such as sawing, drying, etc.) are dependent on the use of medium-voltage electricity generated and supplied by the Zhejiang province. The factory’s energy consumptions during a period of one year were determined from their monthly utility bills. Since, the products of Allwood Group only form a small part of total floorings manufactured at the facility, the energy consumption for the declared products was calculated by dividing the annual electrical consumption by the annual square meter of flooring produced and multiplying by the flooring produced for Allwood Group.

• Process/space heating: The facility generates its own heat from boilers installed on-site which are fueled by the wood waste. The wood waste (such as bark and hog fuel) is converted to chips and mixed with sawdust to be sent to boilers for incineration and heat generation through steam. Standard assumptions of 8% bark, 9.3% saw dust, 25% slab wood and 1% shavings by mass were used to calculate the wood waste being generated during debarking, sawing, drying, plywood production and finishing at site. The facility had intimated about 10% sawdust being sold and the remaining being mixed with woodchips before sending it to the boiler for powering the mesh belt dryer and plywood hot press. No fossil fuel (such as Natural gas, diesel or gasoline) is used at site to heat the facility or any of its components.

• Fuel required for machinery: Diesel tractor-trailer trucks were used for resource transportation at site. Other forms of on-site machinery include woodchipper, mobile cranes, conveyor belts, dumpers, forklifts, loaders and generators. Energy requirements for machinery were based on diesel purchase receipts by the facility over a period of 12 months and dividing it by the quantity of products manufactured for Allwood Group.

• Waste generation: The facility processes wood waste on-site by chipping the bark and hog fuel into woodchips and mixing it with saw dust before sending it to the boilers for incineration for heat generation. The facility also employs a sewage treatment plant at site and treats up to 18,000 m3 of wastewater on-site. The remaining sewage is sent to the municipal wastewater treatment plants through underground pipelines.

• Recovered energy: Recovered energy (both on and off-site) was measured based on volume and energy estimates based on business-as-usual processes carried out at the facility.

• Recycled/reused material/components: The average weight of cardboard was found to be 130g/m2 through literature and the facility packages an average of 2.44m2 of flooring in one box. The overall packaging weight was calculated based on this data. These carboard boxes are opened by end-use customers in the USA and recycled off-site in the municipal recycling facilities. The US EPA report: Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet

(US EPA 2020) states that 96.5% of corrugated boxes are recycled and this assumption has been used to model the municipal recycling rates. • Module A1 material losses: Through facility records, it was found that about 5% of logs procured from France and Nanning are either lost during transportation or are unusable decayed/diseased wood. A 1% of loss during transmission of water and electricity supply and during treatment of wastewater is also assumed.

• Direct A3 emissions accounting: The facility did not keep any track of their on-site emissions and hence ecoinvent unit processes for bio-energy generation and plywood production were utilised. Ammonia fuming is carried out in an air-tight room to maintain temperature and pressure requirements of the process. The ammonia fumes are passed through a scrubber having 99% efficiency which captures the fumes and converts it into liquid ammonia to be re-used later. Hence, ammonia off-gassing emissions were estimated to be 1% of total ammonia used for the process. VOC emissions for production stage were retrieved from the FloorScore report available with the facility and hence the VOC emissions were determined in accordance to “Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Indoor Sources using Environmental Chambers- version 1.2” CA Specification 01350.

• A4 Product transport requirements: Once, the flooring is manufactured and ready for shipping to the USA, large trucks (Class 7) are utilized to transport the flooring to the Shanghai Port and onwards to Portland, Oregon, USA in a ship. According to the data from the company’s sale records during this time, 85% of All Wood Group’s customers resided within 1000 miles and 33% within 200 miles of their storage unit in Tualatin, Oregon.

• A5 product installation: Installation of wood flooring should be carried out based on accompanying guidelines or using NWFA Installation guidelines (NWFA 2019). These guidelines detail the type of processing, machinery, tools, dust extraction equipment, auxiliary materials, etc. to be used during the installation of engineered wood flooring. VOC emissions for installation and use phase were unavailable with the manufacturer since the installation and refurbishment methods are greatly varied and dependent upon a number of consumer-specific elements. Hence, VOC emissions assumptions were based on labels of products used for such work (Roberts 1407 TDS).

• B product use phase: There are no electricity, water or material consumptions associated with the Use phase of this product. Weekly sweeping/mopping procedures are recommended for maintenance and long life of the product. Repair and replacement of this product is dependent upon its wear and tear during its use. Chipping or scratches might occur due to rough use and should be repaired accordingly. Estimated Service Life (ESL) for engineered wood flooring manufactured by Allwood Group is 100 years with re-finishing required every 25 years. The refurbishment process includes sanding and finishing has been modelled as per the NWFA guidelines for refurbishment (NWFA 2016). The refurbishment of engineered flooring may involve products which include VOCs and hence the manufacturer’s guide must be used to make the necessary repair. Proper PPE should be worn when installing, sanding, and finishing wood products including ear, eye, and respiratory protection to avoid excess exposure to wood dust. Other suggested protection includes knee pads and rubber gloves. Finish and adhesives, if applicable, should meet low VOC requirements.

• C product end-of-life: Based on the data from the US EPA report: Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet (US EPA 2020), the amount of wood products recycled is negligible (~0%) whereas combustion accounts for 18% and landfill disposal for 82% for wood waste generated. As per the PCR, waste processing sites were assumed to be 161km away from building sites and diesel-powered trucks were assumed to be used to transport the waste engineered wood flooring.

The following tables depict a list of assumed life cycle inventory utilized in the LCA modeling to generate the impact results across the life cycle modules in scope. An assessment of the quality of each LCI activities utilized from various sources is also provided.

Table 12: LCI inputs assumed for module A1 (i.e. raw material supply):

Table 13: LCI inputs assumed for module A2 (i.e. transport of A1 inputs):

Table 14: LCI inputs assumed for module A3:

Table 15: LCI inputs assumed across modules A4 to C4 (i.e. from plant gate-to-grave if applicable):

Data quality/variability requirements, as specified in the PCR, are applied. This section describes the achieved data quality relative to the ISO 14044:2006 requirements. Data quality is judged based on its precision (measured, calculated, or estimated), completeness (e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied within a study serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).

• Precision: Through measurement and calculation, the manufacturers collected and provided primary data on their annual production. For accuracy, the LCA practitioner and 3rd Party Verifier validated the plant gate-to-gate data.

• Completeness: All relevant specific processes, including inputs (raw materials, energy and ancillary materials) and outputs (emissions and production volume) were considered and modeled to represent the specified and declared products. The majority of relevant background materials and processes were taken from ecoinvent v3.6 LCI datasets where

relatively recent region-specific electricity inputs were utilized. The most relevant EPDs requiring key A1 inputs were also utilized where readily available. • Consistency: To ensure consistency, the same modeling structure across the respective product systems was utilized for all inputs, which consisted of raw material inputs and ancillary material, energy flows, water resource inputs, product, and co-products outputs, returned and recovered Flooring materials, emissions to air, water and soil, and waste recycling and treatment. The same background LCI datasets from the ecoinvent v3.6 database were used across all product systems. Crosschecks concerning the plausibility of mass and energy flows were continuously conducted. The LCA team conducted mass and energy balances at the plant and selected process level to maintain a high level of consistency.

• Reproducibility: Internal reproducibility is possible since the data and the models are stored and available in a machine-readable project file for all foreground and background processes, and in P3 Optima’s proprietary Flooring LCA calculator* for all production facility and product-specific calculations. A considerable level of transparency is provided throughout the detailed LCA report as the specifications and material quantity make-up for the declared products are presented and key primary and secondary LCI data sources are summarized. The provision of more detailed publicly accessible data to allow full external reproducibility was not possible due to reasons of confidentiality. *P3 Optima has developed a proprietary tool that allows the calculation of PCR-compliant LCA results for Flooring product designs. The tool auto-calculates results by scaling base-unit Technosphere inputs (i.e. 1 kg sand, 1 kWh electricity, etc.) to replicate the reference flow conversions that take place in any typical LCA software like openLCA or SimaPro. The tool was tested against several LCAs performed in openLCA and the tool generated identical results to those realized in openLCA across every impact category and inventory metric (where comparisons could be readily made).

• Representativeness: The representativeness of the data is summarized as follows. o Time related coverage of the manufacturing processes’ primary collected data from 2019-11-01 to 2020-10-31.

o Upstream (background) LCI data was either the PCR specified default (if applicable) or more appropriate LCI datasets as found in the country-adjusted ecoinvent v3.6 database.

o Geographical coverage for inputs required by the A3 facility(ies) is representative of its region of focus; other upstream and background processes are based on US, North American, or global average data and adjusted to regional electricity mixes when relevant.

o Technological coverage is typical or average and specific to the participating facilities for all primary data.

Per the PCR, this EPD supports the life cycle impact assessment indicators and inventory metrics as listed in the tables below. As specified in the PCR, the most recent US EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), impact categories were utilized as they provide a North American context for the mandatory category indicators to be included in the EPD. Additionally, the PCR requires a set of inventory metrics to be reported with the LCIA indicators (see tables below).

Table 16: Life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics:

A summary description of each of the impact categories and inventory metrics is provided in the following table:

Table 17: Definitions of life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics.

It should be noted that emerging LCA impact categories and inventory items are still under development and can have high levels of uncertainty that preclude international acceptance pending further development. Use caution when interpreting data in any of the following categories:

• Renewable primary energy resources as energy (fuel);

• Renewable primary resources as material;

• Non-renewable primary resources as energy (fuel);

• Non-renewable primary resources as material;

• Secondary Materials;

• Renewable secondary fuels;

• Non-renewable secondary fuels;

• Recovered energy;

• Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil mineral resources.

• Land use related impacts, for example on biodiversity and/or soil fertility;

• Toxicological aspects;

• Emissions from land use change [GWP 100 (land-use change)];

• Hazardous waste disposed;

• Non-hazardous waste disposed;

• High-level radioactive waste;

• Intermediate and low-level radioactive waste;

• Components for reuse;

• Materials for recycling;

• Materials for energy recovery;

• Recovered energy exported from the product system.

The following table reports the total LCA results for each product produced at the given engineered wood flooring facility on a per m2 basis.
Table 18: Total life cycle (across modules in scope) impact results for Midpoint Impact categories for all products on a per m2 basis.

Table 19: Total life cycle (across modules in scope) impact results for Inventory Metrics for all products on a per m2 basis.

Table 20: Percentage impact breakdown by modules across all declared products: environmental impact: Global Warming Potential (GWP), kg CO2eq note: neg.= negligible

During the 75-year Reference Service Life (RSL), it was found that the life cycle impacts for Global Warming Potential (GWP) of products considered in this EPD were almost equally distributed amongst the A2, A3 and A4 modules (~20%) of the product lifecycle. It was found that the transport of raw material and finished goods using diesel-powered trucks accounted for almost 30% of the total impacts across the lifecycle. The total impacts due to trans-oceanic shipping of raw materials and finished goods were found to be roughly 12%-15% of the total impacts. Hence, mitigating these impacts through further LCA studies exploring the various transport combinations could provide a better outlook into improving these impacts. Electricity consumption at the facility accounted for the highest A3 impacts (~17%) since the facility employs several machineries for sawing, drying, hot-pressing and other activities at site. The installation process accounted for 9% of the impacts with installation glue responsible for most of the impacts. These impacts could be considerably reduced by using nailed or floated methods for installation of engineered wood flooring. Over the 75-year RSL, two refurbishment events were scheduled and accounted for 7% of the total impacts while the disposal (C1-C4) impacts were calculated to contribute to roughly 4% of the total impacts.

Some limitations associated to this study are given below:

• Although ecoinvent v3.6 was used as a background database, it doesn’t fully represent the region of China and its geographical representativeness was deemed as fair.

• Only facility-wide energy consumption values were available. Hence, impacts due to electricity for each unit process could not be calculated.

• The percentage of ammonia retrieved from the scrubbers installed at the facility was not known and hence 100% primary material was considered for Ammonia used at site for fuming of products.

• The installation, repair and refurbishment of engineered wood flooring is dependent on the site conditions such as sub-floor type, moisture content, type of refurbishment, etc. and the materials used for these processes are greatly varied. Hence, a mixture of materials were considered in this study which may or may not be used during the actual installation of these products.

• Only known and quantifiable impacts have been considered.

No regulated substances of very high concern are utilized on site.
While this EPD does not address all forest management activities that influence forest carbon, wildlife habitat, endangered species, and soil and water quality, these potential impacts may be addressed through other mechanisms such as regulatory frameworks and/or forest certification systems which, combined with this EPD, will give a more complete picture of environmental and social performance of wood products.
Allwood Group LLC’s products are Floorscore® certified (SCS-FS-05461) and within the TVOC range required for certification. The company could be reached out through their website to get access to their certifications.
Wood waste produced during flooring manufacturing has been minimised by recycling the waste to form woodchips and power the boiler for veneer drying and space heating requirements. Wood waste in general is considered non-hazardous waste and is disposed off in accordance with the local requirements.
Hardwood flooring needs regular cleaning in order to remove grit and sand either by sweeping the floor with a broom or vacuum cleaner. Sweeping with a broom significantly reduces environmental burden compared to vacuuming. Periodic cleaning can be done by mopping the floor with water and a floor cleaner for engineered wood flooring. Avoid cleaners with harsh chemicals (such as ammonia), as these can damage the finish on the flooring. Apply the cleaning agent with a rag, mop, or sponge. Like with regular mopping, it’s important to keep the mop or rag damp but not wet. Once the cleaning product has been applied, rinse the floors with water, then wipe them down with a clean, dry towel to eliminate any excess moisture.
The end-of-life disposal of engineered wood flooring could be improved by sending it to dedicated recycling units located near the building site. As per the US EPA report: Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet (US EPA 2020), negligible percentage of wood waste actually recycles. This could be improved by developing and providing easier access to more recycling facilities in the country.

ISO Standards:
ISO 6707-1: 2014 Buildings and Civil Engineering Works – Vocabulary – Part 1: General Terms
ISO 14021:1999 Environmental Labels and Declarations – Self-declared Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labeling)
ISO 14025:2006 Environmental Labels and Declarations – Type III Environmental Declarations – Principles and Procedures
ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework
ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines
ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Carbon Footprint of Products – Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification
ISO 14050:2009 Environmental Management – Vocabulary
ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in Building Construction – Environmental Declaration of Building Products

EN Standards:
EN 16757 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Product Category Rules for concrete and concrete elements
EN 15804 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations -Core rules for the product category of construction products

Other References:
UL Environment (2018). Guidance for Building-Related Products and Services, Part B: Flooring EPD Requirements. UL 10010-7, www.ul.com/businesses/environment.

USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction, 11 Jan 2019 available at https://www.usgbc.org/resources/pcr-committee-process-resources-part-b

USGBC PCR Committee Process & Resources: Part B, USGBC, 7 July 2017 available at https://www.usgbc.org/resources/pcr-committee-process-resources-part-b.

US EPA (2020) Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2021-01/documents/2018_ff_fact_sheet_dec_2020_fnl_508.pdf

Roberts 1407 Engineered Wood Flooring Adhesive Technical Data Sheet, https://cdn.thefloorbox.ca/images/roberts/1407rb015_724.pdf

Miklecic J., Spanic N., Jirous-Rajkovic V.: Wood Color Changes by Ammonia Fuming, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265946152_Wood_Color_Changes_by_Ammonia_Fuming

Bergman R.D., Bowe S.A.: Life-Cycle Inventory of Manufacturing Prefinished Engineered Wood Flooring in the Eastern United States, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46319

FEICA, Reactive resins based on polyurethane or SMP, filled or aqueous, solvent-free, https://www.feica.eu/our-priorities/epds